Newsworthy Citations: The War on the Word 'Jihad' NPR, All Things Considered 10.30.06

by Guy Raz

Demonstrators burn an American flag in Karachi, Pakistan during a rally held in August. Rizwan Tabassum / Getty Images

All Things Considered, October 30, 2006 · Ten years ago, few people in America had heard the word 'jihad', but it's so common now that it has an entry in the Oxford English Dictionary.

Islamic history professor Douglass Streusand says that the first time he did a Web search on the word 'jihad,' the first thing that came up was a "jihad to remove Barney from television."

"That's what the term has come to mean in the West," says Streusand. "It means a fanatical struggle."

The Definition Changes

But how Muslims have interpreted the term has changed over time.

"[Jihad] definitely had this notion of both an internal struggle as well as an attempt to spread the just laws of Islam to other countries through fighting," says Johns Hopkins political scientist Mary Habeck.

Habek says the meaning of the word is different now than from previous centuries.

"What [the word jihadist] meant back in the 7th century is not the same as it meant in the 12th century," she says. "That's not the same as it means in the 19th or 20th centuries. [The meaning] has really evolved over time."

But today, when radical Islamists describe themselves as jihadists, Habeck says they mean one thing.

"Violence and violence alone to attain their ends," she says.

Since Sept. 11, Habeck has encouraged government officials to describe Islamic militants as jihadis or jihadists. Many in the government are apparently listening to her suggestion.

"Since Sept. 11," says Habeck, "it's important for the American people to remember [that] there have been a lot of attacks on a lot of nations by these jihadists."

Multiple Definitions

Jihad actually has a multitude of meanings.

In the case of al-Qaeda, they call themselves jihadists and they don't mean an inner struggle for peace.

"These groups, in many ways, represent a wholly new sect that has arisen out of Islam." says Islamic historian Reza Aslan, "One in which all the multiplicity [and] diversity of Islamic thought, and the pillars upon which this faith and practice have rested for 14 centuries, [have] been diluted into this one single notion -- jihad and nothing else."

Aslan says that even though the concept of jihad isn't one of the five pillars of Islam, extremist groups have managed to elevate the importance of violent jihad as a sort of politicized religious duty.

Last year, Islamic history expert Douglas Streusand submitted a paper to the Pentagon which argued that the military should stop using the words "jihadis" or "jihadists" when talking about Islamic militants.

"The term 'jihad' usually means Jihad Fis abu Allah -- "striving in the path of God," says Streusand." Simply by its very definition, striving in the path of God is a good thing to do. If we are calling them 'people who strive in the path of God,' in other words -- if we are calling them meritorious Muslims -- then we are implying that we are fighting Islam, even if we're not."

To draw a comparison, Streusand says, it would be like calling Germans during the Second World War 'National Socialist Aryan Heroes.'

"The question is not whether or not jihad is a good thing, because for a Muslim, jihad is a good thing," he says. "The question is whether the activity that they are undertaking should be classified as jihad."

By his account, when U.S. policymakers use the term 'jihad,' they are actually turning off a lot of potential allies in the Islamic world.

"If you say we fight jihadists, then you've just offended a billion and a half Muslims," says Streusand.

The 'H' Word

UCLA law professor Khaled Abu El Fadl is a controversial figure in the Arab world for his bruising missives against Islamic extremists.

"When I write an article speaking to extremists and convincing them that they are wrong theologically and morally and legally," says Abu El Fadl, "I consider my self in a state of jihad. I expect to be rewarded by God."

Both professor Abu El Fadl and Streusand have some practical advice for those still wishing to insult terrorists: Drop the 'J' word and use the 'H' word instead.

"The term in Islamic law which best describes the activities of al Qaeda is hirabah, which originally meant brigandage, but has a more general meaning as sinful warfare," says Streusand. "If our elected officials started saying 'This is a war against hirabis,' that would be more effective. It would certainly be better than using the term jihad or jihadis which is actively harmful."

Abu El Fadl believes this kind of language will actually resonate well in the Islamic world.

"[Not using the world jihad] would work miracles for Muslims," he says. "For once to find our officials take their tradition, their legal tradition [and] their moral tradition seriously."

But then, as Habeck says, the discussion over terminology is one that ought to happen in the Islamic world.

It's up to Muslim leaders, she says, to change the way jihad is understood in the West.

"These guys call themselves Mujahideen, because they call themselves jihadis -- through their actions [they] are vilifying the term," Habeck says. "It's not the West that's having to vilify it, it's their own actions of randomly slaughtering men, women, children and innocent civilians that's vilifying the term jihad."